For information about how to access the ALSPAC data and the rules for publishing this data, please visit the ALSPAC website.

PAPERS UNDERTAKEN BY RESEARCHERS WORKING ON THIS PROGRAMME AND PUBLICLY AVAILABLE (June 2025)

[Many of our publications are with the open access journal Wellcome Open Research.  It has a Gateways section to cohort studies, one of which is ALSPAC. Papers are accepted subject to open peer review, and the reviews are publicly accessible, together with authors’ responses and revised versions. When there are at least 2 reviewers who have completely approved the paper, this is counted as a peer reviewed published paper and forwarded to Pubmed. In this listing we provide the number of reviews which have indicated acceptance].

For all the publications listed that had been previously published as a preprint, only the reference to the fully published paper is given.

CONTENTS

1.Publications involving RSBB

1.1. Descriptions of RSBB data available

1.2. Analytic categorisation of RSBB data

1.3. Associations of RSBB data with environmental factors

1.4. Associations of RSBB data with psychological factors

1.5. Associations of RSBB data with mental health

1.6. Inter-/Trans-generational associations with RSBB

 

2.Complementary publications

2.1. Non-genetic heritability

2.2. Environmental exposures

2.3. Physical health of participants

2.4. Mental health and well-being of participants

2.5. Childcare and child development

2.6. Psychological exposures

2.7. Analytic features

2.8 ALSPAC data clarifications

2.9. Biomarkers

X. Other

1.PUBLICATIONS INVOLVING RSBB

1.1. Descriptions of RSBB data available

1.1a. Description of the data on religious beliefs and behaviours collected from the parents during pregnancy and during their offspring’s childhood:

Iles-Caven Y, Gregory S, Northstone K and Golding J. Longitudinal data on parental religious behaviour and beliefs from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) [version 2; peer review: 2 approved]. Wellcome Open Res 2019, 4:38 (https://doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15127.2)

1.1b. Details of RSBB data collected from the study parents in 2019/2020, and comparison of these data with those collected from the same parents almost 30 years earlier:

Iles-Caven Y, Gregory S, Bickerstaffe I et al. Parental spiritual and religious beliefs and behaviour data collected from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, 2020 [version 3; peer review: 3 approved]. Wellcome Open Res 2022, 6:175 (https://doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17010.3)

1.1c. Description of data collected from the study offspring (G1s) in 2019-2020; differences between the sexes, and comparison with similar data from their parents:  

Iles-Caven Y, Bickerstaffe I, Northstone K and Golding J. Spiritual and religious beliefs and behaviour: data collected from 27/28-year-old offspring in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, 2019-2020. [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations]. Wellcome Open Res 2021, 6:215 (https://doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17153.1)

1.1d. This publication uses Sankey pictorial methods to illustrate ways in which individual parents change their beliefs and behaviours over time:

Major-Smith D, Halstead I, Morgan J, Tohidinik H, Iles-Caven Y, Northstone K, Golding J. Individual-level changes in religious/spiritual beliefs and behaviours over three decades in the parental generation of the ALSPAC cohort, UK. Religion, Brain and Behavior 2022; Dec 23:1-20 https://doi.org/10.1080/2153599X.2022.2156584   

1.1e. This paper describes the variety of different types of belief indicated by the participants in the study (including non-mainstream beliefs) and indicates the ways in which they have been coded for analysis.

Iles-Caven Y, Gregory S, Matthews S. Coding definitions of participant religious, non-religious and spiritual beliefs in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents & Children (ALSPAC). [version 1; peer review: 2 approved]. Wellcome Open Res 2023, 8:528 https://doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.20209.1

1.2. Analytic considerations of the RSBB data

1.2a. Latent class analysis was used to classify the parents into four mutually exclusive categories – labelled as highly religious, moderately religious, agnostic and atheist. Variation of these classes with socioeconomic group is described:

Halstead I, Heron J, Joinson C.  Patterns of religiosity in adults from a large UK cohort.  [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]. Wellcome Open Res 2022, 7:192 (https://doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17969.1)

1.2b. This paper considers the bias involved in using longitudinal data relating to RSBB over time

Morgan J & Major-Smith D. Quantifying Potential Selection Bias in Observational Research: Simulations and Analyses Exploring Religion and Depression Using a Prospective UK Cohort Study (ALSPAC) Religion Brain & Behav 2024; 1-16.  https://doi.org/10.1080/2153599X.2024.2377545

1.2c.  Here Jimmy Morgan and colleagues use factor analysis to ascertain which of the 20 variables used to assess RSBB among the 27–28-year-olds and their parents aligns with the previously used single items such as belief and attendance.

Morgan J, Halstead I, Golding J, Northstone K, Major-Smith D. Measuring religiosity: comparison of single-item measures with validated scales in a UK cohort study (ALSPAC) [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]. Wellcome Open Res 2025, 10:196 (https://doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.23943.1)

 

1.3. Associations of RSBB data with environmental factors

1.3a. This paper shows ways in which different aspects of religiosity in the parents vary with different demographic and socio-economic factors.

Major-Smith D, Morgan J, Halstead I, Tohidinik HR, Iles-Caven Y, Golding J, Northstone K. Demographic and socioeconomic predictors of religious/spiritual beliefs and behaviours in a prospective cohort study (ALSPAC) in Southwest England: Results from the parental generation [version 3; peer review: 3 approved]. Wellcome Open Res 2023, 7:159 (https://doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17897.3) 

1.3b. This paper explores whether RSBB is associated with differences in dietary patterns and nutrient intake among ALSPAC parents. RSBB, and attendance at a place of worship in particular, were associated with differences in diet, suggesting that diet may be a potential mediator between RSBB and later health outcomes:

Major-Smith D, Morgan J, Emmett P, Golding J, Northstone K. Associations between religious/spiritual beliefs and behaviours and dietary patterns: analysis of the parental generation in a prospective cohort study (ALSPAC) in Southwest England. Public Health Nutr 2023; 26(12): 2895-2911.  https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980023001866

1.3c. This paper shows ways in which different aspects of religiosity in the ALSPAC offspring vary with different demographic and socio-economic factors.

Major-Smith D, Morgan J, Halstead I et al. Demographic and socioeconomic predictors of religious/spiritual beliefs and behaviours in a prospective cohort study (ALSPAC) in Southwest England: Results from the offspring generation [version 3; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations]. Wellcome Open Res 2024, 7:290 (https://doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.18517.3

1.3d. Details available concerning Faith Schools are described in this Data Note so that interested researchers may use the data.

Tohidinik HR, Mumme M, Golding J. The types of school attended by the ALSPAC children from1997 to 2011 (ages 5 to 19 years): A Focus on Christian Faith Schools. [version 2; peer review: 2 approved]. Wellcome Open Res 2025, 10:109 https://doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.23025.2

1.3e.  This paper shows that when compared to offspring of agnostic mothers, having a highly religious or atheist mother is associated with lower odds of offspring weekly smoking , and having an atheist mother is associated with greater odds of cannabis  and other drugs use.

Halstead I, Heron J, Joinson C. Maternal Religiosity and Adolescent Substance Use: A UK Prospective Cohort Study. J Relig Health 2025 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-025-02299-2

1.4. Association of psychological factors with RSBB

1.4a. This paper compared the locus of control of the study parents with their RSBB. It shows that those with an internal locus of control were more likely to believe and to behave positively over time regarding religious activities. This was true, though to a different extent, of both the men and women studied: 

Iles-Caven Y, Gregory S, Ellis G, Golding J, Nowicki S.  The relationship between locus of control, religious behaviour, and beliefs in a British population of parents. Front Psychol 2020. (https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01462)

1.4b. This paper compares the likelihood of staying within the study and completing questionnaires and attending clinics over time. It shows that those with a religious belief or behaviour are more likely to continue to be involved in the study. The authors describe ways in which this might bias any results:

Morgan J, Halstead I, Northstone K, Major-Smith D. Religious/spiritual beliefs and behaviours and study participation in a prospective cohort study (ALSPAC) in Southwest England. [version 1; peer review: 2 approved]. Wellcome Open Res 2022; 7:186 (https://doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17975.1)

1.4c. This paper examines associations between the RSBBs of the G0s and the G1s and aspects of their cognition and personality:

Major-Smith D, Morgan J, Tohidinik HR, Goulding N, Iles-Caven Y, Golding J, Northstone K, Halstead I.  Associations between psychological factors and religious/spiritual beliefs and behaviours in a prospective cohort study (ALSPAC) in Southwest England: A descriptive study. [version 2; peer review: 2 approved,] Wellcome Open Res 2023; 8: 174.  https://doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.18955.2  

1.4d. This paper used a range of sensitivity analyses to assess whether religiosity may plausibly cause cooperative behaviour (here, voluntary blood donation).

Major-Smith, D. Exploring causality from observational data: An example assessing whether religiosity promotes cooperation. Evolution Human Sci 2023; 1-37. https://doi.org/10.1017/ehs.2023.17

Subsequently, the journal asked Dr Major-Smith to write a blog post about the paper: https://www.cambridge.org/core/blog/2023/07/25/being-less-casual-about-causality-in-the-evolutionary-human-sciences/

1.4e. Paper showing that the most religious parents are likely to believe in and act upon information on climate change, whereas their offspring show no such association.

Major-Smith D, Halstead I, Golding J, Major-Smith K. Associations between religiosity and climate change beliefs and behaviours in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). PLoS Climate 2025; 4(4): e0000469.  https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000469

 

1.5. Association of RSBB data with mental health and well-being

1.5a. Categorisation of the mothers into 4 groups (Highly religious, Moderately religious, Agnostic, Atheist) indicated that the 7–8-year-old children of both the highly and moderately religious were more likely to have internalising problems and the children of atheist mothers had more externalising problems compared with the children of agnostic mothers.

Halstead I, Heron J, Svob C, Joinson C. Examining the role of maternal religiosity in offspring mental health using latent class analysis in a UK prospective cohort study. Psychol Med 2023; 53: 7255-7264. https://doi.org/10.1017/S003329172300079X

1.5b. Similar categorisation into four groups of mothers showed that, compared to adolescent offspring of agnostic mothers, those whose mothers were atheist or religious were more likely to be depressed, and adolescent offspring of the highly religious were at increased risk of self-harm.

Halstead I, Heron J, Svob C, Joinson C. Maternal religiosity and adolescent mental health: A UK prospective cohort study. J Affect Disord 2024; 351: 158-164.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2024.01.198

1.5c.  A similar categorisation of the adult cohort members (born in the early 1990s)  using latent classes showed that those who were classified as agnostic were more likely to have higher levels of depression and anxiety than those classified as atheist. These associations remained on adjustment for a number of factors

Halstead I, Heron J, Svob C, Joinson C. Prospective relationships between patterns of religious belief/non-belief and mental health in adults: A UK cohort study. Soc Sci Med  2024; 361: 117342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.117342

1.5d. Using the longitudinal data to determine whether there is a time-related association between RSBB and  depression or anxiety. There was little evidence of a causal or preventative effect.

Major-Smith D, Morgan J, Halstead I, Golding J (2025) Exploring bidirectional causality between religion and mental health: A longitudinal study using data from the parent generation of a UK birth cohort. PLoS ONE 20(3): e0319796. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0319796

1.6. Inter-/Trans-generational associations with RSBB

1.6a. Previous ALSPAC publications have shown associations between exposures of the grandparents to cigarette smoking and/or traumatic events in childhood with characteristics of their grandchildren. In this paper we showed that there were similar associations with religious or spiritual belief in their grandchildren involving adolescent smoking of the maternal grandfather and smoking during pregnancy of the maternal grandmother.

Golding J, Gregory S, Northstone K, Pembrey M, Ellis G, Watkins S, Iles-Caven Y, Suderman M. Grandparents’ childhood exposures and religious belief in their granddaughters: possible transgenerational associations. [peer review: version 2; 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations] Wellcome Open Res 2022, 7:213 https://doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.18049.2

 2. COMPLEMENTARY PUBLICATIONS:

Papers outlining data and/or methodologies that have been or will likely be used to inform the studies of RSBB and which have been completed by the Project Researchers since the start of the grant.

2.1. Non-genetic heritability

2.1a. Gregory S, Suderman M, Northstone K, Pembrey M, Watkins S, Iles-Caven Y, Golding J. Regular smoking of male ancestors in adolescence and fat mass in young adult grandchildren and great-grandchildren [version 1; peer review: 2 approved]. Wellcome Open Res 2022, 7:184 (https://doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17950.1)

2.1b. Watkins SH, Iles-Caven Y, Pembrey M, Golding J, Suderman M. Grandmaternal smoking during pregnancy is associated with differential DNA methylation in their grandchildren. Eur J Human Genet 2022. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41431-022-01081-2

2.1c. Golding J, Gregory S, Northstone K, Pembrey M, Watkins S, Iles-Caven Y, Suderman M. Human transgenerational observations of regular smoking before puberty on fat mass in grandchildren and great-grandchildren. Sci Rep 2022;12(1):1-8. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-04504-0

2.1d. Golding J, Pembrey ME, Gregory S, Suderman M, Iles-Caven Y, Northstone K. Paternal grandmother’s smoking in pregnancy is associated with extreme aversion to bitter taste in their grandchildren. Environ Epigenet 2022; 8(1): dvac003. https://doi.org/10.1093/eep/dvac003

2.1e. Birmingham K, Iles-Caven Y and Golding J. ALSPAC parents’ descriptions of childhood stresses in their parents and grandparents [version 2; peer review: 2 approved]. Wellcome Open Res 2022, 6:115 (https://doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16732.2)

2.1f. Golding J, Pembrey M, Iles-Caven Y, Watkins S, Suderman M, Northstone, K. Ancestral smoking and developmental outcomes: a review of publications from a population birth cohort. Biol Reprod 2021; 105: 625-631. https://doi.org/10.1093/biolre/ioab124

2.1g.  Golding J, Clark R, Gregory S, Ellis G, Suderman M, Iles-Caven Y, Pembrey M.  Unexpected Associations between the Number of FRAXE Repeats in Boys and Evidence of Diabetes in Their Mothers and Maternal Grandmothers. OBM Genet 2021; 5(4), 1-1. https://doi.org/10.21926%2Fobm.genet.2104141

2.1h. Golding J, Tunstall H, Gregory S, Granell R, Dodd JW, Iles-Caven Y, Watkins S and Suderman M. A history of asthma may be associated with grandparents’ exposures to stress and cigarette smoking. Front Toxicol 2023; 5:1253442. https://doi.org/10.3389/ftox.2023.1253442

2.1i. Gregory S, Suderman M, Northstone K, Pembrey M, Watkins S, Iles-Caven Y, Golding J. Regular smoking of male ancestors in adolescence and fat mass in young adult grandchildren and great-grandchildren. [peer review: 2 approved].  Wellcome Open Res. 2022 8;7(184):184. https://doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17950.2

2.1j. Golding J, Pembrey ME, Gregory S, Suderman M, Iles-Caven Y, Northstone K. Paternal grandmother’s smoking in pregnancy is associated with extreme aversion to bitter taste in their grandchildren. Environ Epigenet. 2022; 8(1): dvac003. https://doi.org/10.1093/eep/dvac003

2.1k. Watkins SH, Suderman M, Iles-Caven Y, Northstone K, Pembrey M, Golding J. Overweight/obesity and Ancestral environmental smoking exposures: a summary of results from the ALSPAC cohort. Yale J Biol Med To be published June 2025;

 

 2.2. Environmental exposures

2.2a. Golding J, Taylor C, Iles-Caven Y, Gregory S. The benefits of fish intake: results concerning prenatal mercury exposure and child outcomes from the ALSPAC prebirth cohort. NeuroToxicol 2022; 91: 22-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2022.04.012

2.2b. Golding J, Gregory S, Clark R, Iles-Caven Y, Ellis G, Taylor CM, Hibbeln J. Maternal prenatal vitamin B12 intake is associated with speech development and mathematical abilities in childhood. Nutr Res 2021; 86: 68-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2020.12.005

2.2c. Gregory S, Iles-Caven Y, Northstone K and Golding J. Childhood life events of women enrolled in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents & Children (ALSPAC) [version 2; peer review: 2 approved]. Wellcome Open Res 2023, 8:294 (https://doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.19459.2)

2.2d. Ellis G, Iles-Caven Y, Northstone K and Golding J. The housing environment of participants in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC): a resource for studies of influences on health [version 2: peer review 3 approved] Wellcome Open Res 2022, 7:232 (https://doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17996.2 )

2.2e. Taylor CM, Golding J, Kordas K. Prenatal lead exposure: associations with growth and anthropometry in early childhood in a UK observational birth cohort study. Wellcome Open Res 2021; 5: 235. https://doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16338.2

2.2f. Madley-Dowd P, Dardani C….Golding J. et al. Maternal vitamin D during pregnancy and offspring autism and autism-associated traits: a prospective cohort study. Molecul Autism 2022; 13: 44. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13229-022-00523-4

2.2g. Page A E, Ruiz M, Dyble M, Major-Smith D, Migliano A B and Myers, S. Wealth, health and inequality in Agta foragers. Evol Med Public Health 2023; 11(1): 149–162. https://doi.org/10.1093/emph/eoad015

2.2h. Condie J, Northstone K, Major-Smith D, Halstead I. Exploring associations between the Big Five personality traits and cognitive ability with COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy and uptake among mothers and offspring in a UK prospective cohort study. Vaccine 2024; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.03.018

2.2i. Iles-Caven Y, Golding J.  Sexual experiences and behaviours in the offspring generation of the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Childhood (ALSPAC). Wellcome Open Res 2024b; http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.21687.1

2.2j. Iles-Caven Y, Northstone K, Golding J. Sexual experiences, behaviours and attitudes in the parent generation of the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Childhood (ALSPAC).  Wellcome Open Res [peer review: 3 approved] 2024a; http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.21263.1

2.2k. Taylor CM, Northstone K, Golding J, Jones L, Buckland G, Emmett PM. Dietary and related data collected during pregnancy in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). Wellcome Open Res 2025; 10:6. https://doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.23464.1

2.2l. Tunstall H Golding J, Iles-Caven Y, Northstone K. Characteristics of primary schools attended by the original offspring in the ALSPAC cohort. Submitted 23.5.25 Wellcome Open Res

 

2.3. Physical Health of participants

2.3a. Ellis G, Fraser A, Golding J, Iles-Caven Y, Northstone K. Maternal reports of morbidity during the index ALSPAC pregnancy [version 1; peer review: 2 approved]. Wellcome Open Res 2022, 7:163 (https://doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17900.1)

2.3b. Birmingham K, Iles-Caven Y, Northstone K and Golding J. The ALSPAC fetal and neonatal resource: detailed data abstracted from the clinical records of the new-born [version 1; peer review: 2 approved]. Wellcome Open Res 2021; 6: 298 (https://doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17214.1)

2.3c. Birmingham K, Gregory S, Iles-Caven Y et al. The mother during pregnancy and the puerperium: Detailed data abstracted from the clinical obstetric records of ALSPAC pregnancies [version 1; peer review: 3 approved]. Wellcome Open Res 2021, 6:41 (https://doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16603.1)

2.3d. Golding J, Bickerstaffe I, Iles-Caven Y and Northstone K. Paternal health in the first 12-13 years of the ALSPAC study [version 2; peer review: 4 approved,]. Wellcome Open Res 2024, 8:8 (https://doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.18639.2)

2.3e. Hall A, Maw R, Iles-Caven Y, Gregory S, Rai D, Golding J. Associations between autistic traits and early ear and upper respiratory signs: a prospective observational study of the ALSPAC geographically defined childhood population. BMJ Open 2023; 13: e067682. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-067682

2.3g. Goulding N, Goudswaard LJ, Hughes DA et al. Inflammation proteomics datasets in the ALSPAC cohort [version 2; peer review: 2 approved]. Wellcome Open Res 2024, 7:277 (https://doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.18482.2)

 

2.4. Mental health and wellbeing of participants

2.4a. Iles-Caven Y, Gregory S, Northstone K, Golding J, Nowicki S. The beneficial role of personality in increasing well-being during the pandemic: a longitudinal population study.  J Affect Disord 2023; 331:229-237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2023.03.056

2.4b. Bhardwaj T, Morgan J, Major-Smith D, Halstead I. Examining the longitudinal associations between individual differences and mental health in adolescence and young adulthood: Results from a UK birth cohort study. Preprint OSF 2024. https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/2fhnd

2.4c. Major-Smith D, Halstead I, Major-Smith K. Does concern regarding climate change impact subsequent mental health?  A longitudinal analysis using ALSPAC. Registered Report with the analysis plan already accepted. https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/4dfcn

2.4d. Tran NGH, Morgan J, Major-Smith D. A life-course approach to the relationship between adverse childhood events and later mental health in a longitudinal UK birth cohort 2025. Preprint OSF https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/kwgpm_v1

2.5. Child Care and Child Development

2.5a. Hull L, Heuvelman H, Golding J, Mandy W, Rai D. Gendered play behaviours in autistic and non-autistic children: a population-based cohort study.  Autism 2022; https://doi.org/10.1177/13623613221139373

2.5b. Costantini I, Kwong AS, Smith D, Lewcock M, Lawlor DA, Moran, P, …Golding J, Pearson RM. Locus of control and negative cognitive styles in adolescence as risk factors for depression onset in young adulthood: Findings from a prospective birth cohort study. Front Psychol 2021; 12: 599240. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.599240

2.5c. Nowicki S, Iles-Caven Y, Kalechstein A, Golding J. Antecedents of, interventions and consequences of, locus of control as defined within Rotter’s Social Learning Theory. Front Psychol 2021; 2365. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.698917   EDITORIAL

2.5d. Iles-Caven Y, Nowicki S, Kalechstein A, eds. Locus of Control: Antecedents, Consequences and Interventions Using Rotter’s Definition. Lausanne: Frontiers Media SA. 2001 Ebook: https://doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88971-263-2

2.5e. Major-Smith D, Chaudhary N, Dyble M, Major-Smith K, Page A E, Salali G D, Mace R, Migliano A B. Cooperation and Partner Choice Among Agta Hunter-Gatherer Children: An Evolutionary Developmental Perspective. PLoS ONE, 2023; 18(4): e0284360. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0284360

2.5f. Page AE, Migliano AB, Smith D, Viguier S, Dyble M, Hassan A. Sedentarisation and maternal childcare networks: role of risk, gender and demography. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022, 20210435. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2021.0435

2.5g. Costantini I, Sallis H, Tilling K, Major-Smith D, Pearson RM, Kounali D-Z. Childhood trajectories of internalising and externalising problems associated with a polygenic risk score for neuroticism in a UK birth cohort study. JCPP Advances 2023; 3 (1): e12141. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcv2.12141

2.5h. Golding J, Iles-Caven Y, Northstone K, Fraser A, Heron J. Measures of puberty in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) offspring cohort [version 1; peer review: 1 approved; 2 approved with reservations]. Wellcome Open Res 2023, 8:453 (https://doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.19793.1 )

2.5i. Golding J, Taylor C, Iles-Caven Y, Gregory S. The benefits of fish intake: Results concerning prenatal mercury exposure and child outcomes from the ALSPAC prebirth cohort. Neurotoxicol 2022; 91: 22-30.

2.6. Psychological exposures

2.6a. Tohidinik HR, Ben-Shlomo Y, Major-Smith D, Goulding N, Iles-Caven Y, Golding J, Northstone K, Fraser A. Quality of relationships in mothers and their partners in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. [peer review: version 2. 2 approved] Wellcome Open Res 2023; 8(62): 62. (https://doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.18835.2 )

2.6b. Iles-Caven Y and Golding J. Sexual experiences and behaviours in the offspring generation of the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Childhood [version 1; peer review: 3 approved]. Wellcome Open Res 2024, 9:241 (https://doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.21687.1)

2.6c. Iles-Caven Y, Golding J. Sexual experiences, behaviours and attitudes in the parents in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Childhood (ALSPAC) [version 1; peer review: 2 approved]. Wellcome Open Res 2024, 9:240 (https://doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.21263.1)

2.6d. Major-Smith D, Halstead I, Major-Smith K, Iles-Caven Y, House J, Northstone K, Golding J.et al. Climate change beliefs and behaviours: Data collected from 30-year-old offspring and their parents in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) [version 1; peer review: 1 approved]. Wellcome Open Res 2024; 9:380 (https://doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.22568.1)

2.6e. Chaudhary N, Page AE, Salali GD, Dyble M, Major-Smith D, Migliano AB, Vinicius L, Thompson J, Viguier S. Hunter–Gatherer children’s close-proximity networks: Similarities and differences with cooperative and communal breeding systems. Evol Human Sci 2024; 6:e11 (https://doi.org/10.1017/ehs.2024.1)

2.6f. Condie J, Northstone K, Major-Smith D, Halstead I. Exploring associations between the Big Five personality traits and cognitive ability with COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy and uptake among mothers and offspring in a UK prospective cohort study.  Vaccine 2024; 11: 2817-2826.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.03.018

2.6g. Deb A, Saunders D, Major-Smith D, Dyble M, Page AE, Salali GD et al. Bargaining between the sexes: outside options and leisure time in hunter-gatherer households. Evol Human Behav 2024; 45: 106589.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2024.05.003

2.6h. Freminot K, Major-Smith K, Northstone K, Halstead I, Major-Smith D. Individual differences and climate beliefs and behaviours: Results from a longitudinal UK birth cohort. Eur J Psychol 2024; 20: 288 – 302. https://doi.org/10.5964/ejop.13657

2.6i. Iles-Caven Y, Golding J, Joinson C, Fraser A, Northstone K. Sexual experiences, attitudes, enjoyment and regret in the parent and offspring generations of the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Childhood (ALSPAC): 2022 data sweep. [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations]. Wellcome Open Res 2024, 9:674 (https://doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.23059.1)

2.7. Analytic features

2.7a. Major-Smith D, Dvořák T, Elhakeem A, Lawlor DA, Tilling K, Smith ADAC. Incorporating interactions into structured life course modelling approaches: A simulation study and applied example of the role of access to green space and socioeconomic position on cardiometabolic health.  Preprint: medRxiv 2023.01.24.23284935; https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.01.24.23284935

2.7b. Major-Smith D, Kwong ASF, Timpson NJ et al. Releasing synthetic data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC): Guidelines and applied examples [version 1; peer review: 2 approved]. Wellcome Open Res 2024, 9:57 (https://doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.20530.1)

2.7c. Kawabata E, Major-Smith D, Clayton GL, Shapland CY, Morris TP, Carter AR, Fernández-Sanlés A, Borges MC, Tilling K, Griffith GJ, Millard LAC, Davey Smith G, Lawlor DA, Hughes RA. Accounting for bias due to outcome data missing not at random: comparison and illustration of two approaches to probabilistic bias analysis: a simulation study. BMC Med Res Methodol 2024; 24: 278. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-024-02382-4

2.8. ALSPAC Data clarifications

2.8a.  Major-Smith D, Heron J, Fraser A, Lawlor DA, Golding J, Northstone K. The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC): a 2022 update on the enrolled sample of mothers and the associated baseline data. Wellcome Open Res 2022; [peer review: 2 approved]; 7: 283.   https://doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.18564.1

2.8b. Northstone, K, Ben Shlomo Y, Teyhan A, Hill A, Groom A, Mumme M, Timpson N, Golding J. The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and children ALSPAC G0 Partners: A cohort profile. [version 2; peer review: 1 approved]. Wellcome Open Res 2023, 8:37 https://doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.18782.2

2.8c. Iles-Caven Y, Northstone K, Golding J. Gestation at completion of prenatal questionnaires in ALSPAC. Wellcome open research [peer review:2 approved]. 2020;5.
https://doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15976.2

2.8d. Matthewman J, Mulick A, Dand N, Major-Smith D, Henderson A, Pearce N, Denaxas S, Iskandar R, Roberts A, Cornish RP, Brown SJ, Paternoster L, Langan SM. Disagreement concerning atopic dermatitis subtypes between an English prospective cohort (ALSPAC) and linked electronic health records. Clin Exper Dermatol 2024; llae196, https://doi.org/10.1093/ced/llae196

2.9. Biomarkers

2.9a. Goulding NJ, Goudswaard LJ, Hughes DA et al. Inflammation proteomics datasets in the ALSPAC cohort [version 1; peer review: 2 approved] Wellcome Open Res 2022; 7:277 https://doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.18482.1

2.9b. Golding J, Pembrey M, Clark R, Iles-Caven Y, Gregory S, Ring S, Ennis S, Suderman M. Behavioural, psychiatric, and cognitive phenotypes associated with numbers of repeats of the FRAXE allele on the FMR2 gene. Wellcome Open Res [version 1: peer review 2 approved with reservations] 2024; 9: 238. (https://doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.21305.1)

X. Other

x1. Major-Smith, K., Borne, G., Wallis, L., Major-Smith, D., & Cotton, D. (in press). Impact of a default nudge intervention on plant-based milk consumption in a UK university café. Global Environmental Psychology, 2025. https://doi.org/10.23668/psycharchives.15510

x2. Major-Smith D, Purzycki BG. Modelling Uncertainty around Free-List Cultural Salience Scores 2025. doi:10.31219/osf.io/k5ef4_v1. PREPRINT

 

x3. Page AE, Dyble M, Migliano A, Chaudhary N, Viguier S, Major-Smith D. Demography of grandmothering: a case study in Agta foragers.  Proc. R. Soc. B. 2025; 29220250385 http://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2025.0385